Этимологически "upadhi" похоже на "upaadaana". В СН 2.108 это слово выступает синонимом "upaadaana" во взаимообусловленном возникновении.

(см. тред http://buddhist.ru/board/showthread....&threadid=2389 )

В словаре Монье-Вильямса приводится значение "поддержка, опора". По-видимому, опираясь на санскритские источники,
Рис-Девидс пишет, что это "putting down or under, foundation, basis, ground, substratum (of rebirth)". Однако в суттах подчеркивается связь не с перерождением, а со страданием, следующим из цепочки взаимообусловленного возникновения.
Это слово не употребляется в смыле производящей причины.

Как и "upaadaana", "upadhi" связано со "владением". В раннем определении в Маджджхима Никае в качестве упадхи перечисляются: жена и дети, рабы, животные, серебро и золото.

Таким образом, может подразумеваться как физический аспект владения, то есть имущество, так и психологический, то есть отождествление, присвоение, привязанность.

Именно так трактуется "upadhi" в сравнительно недавно вышедшем словаре Маргарет Коун:

"upadhi, m., wordly possessions or belongings, acquisitions (according to commentaries including the body); attachment to such possesions (forming a basis for rebirth)."

Здесь опять же прослеживается глубокая связь с учением о разотождествлении и неприсвоении (анатта).

MN 1.161

“Ki~nca, bhikkhave, jaatidhamma.m vadetha? Puttabhariya.m, bhikkhave, jaatidhamma.m, daasidaasa.m jaatidhamma.m, aje.laka.m jaatidhamma.m, kukku.tasuukara.m jaatidhamma.m, hatthigavaassava.lava.m jaatidhamma.m, jaataruuparajata.m jaatidhamma.m. Jaatidhammaa hete, bhikkhave, upadhayo. Etthaaya.m gathito mucchito ajjhaapanno attanaa jaatidhammo samaano jaatidhamma.myeva pariyesati.

SN 2.108

“Athaapara.m sammasamaano sammasati antara.m sammasa.m– ‘upadhi panaaya.m ki.mnidaano ki.msamudayo ki.mjaatiko ki.mpabhavo, kismi.m sati upadhi hoti, kismi.m asati upadhi na hotii’ti? So sammasamaano eva.m jaanaati– ‘upadhi ta.nhaanidaano ta.nhaasamudayo ta.nhaajaatiko ta.nhaapabhavo, ta.nhaaya sati upadhi hoti, ta.nhaaya asati upadhi na hotii’ti. So upadhi~nca pajaanaati upadhisamudaya~nca pajaanaati upadhinirodha~nca pajaanaati yaa ca upadhinirodhasaaruppagaaminii pa.tipadaa ta~nca pajaanaati. Tathaa pa.tipanno ca hoti anudhammacaarii. Aya.m vuccati, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sabbaso sammaa dukkhakkhayaaya pa.tipanno upadhinirodhaaya.

Snp 141

732. “Cetovimuttisampannaa, atho pa~n~naavimuttiyaa;
bhabbaa te antakiriyaaya, na te jaatijaruupagaa”ti.
(2) “‘siyaa a~n~nenapi pariyaayena sammaa dvayataanupassanaa’ti, iti ce, bhikkhave, pucchitaaro assu; ‘siyaa’tissu vacaniiyaa. Katha~nca siyaa? Ya.m ki~nci dukkha.m sambhoti sabba.m upadhipaccayaati, ayamekaanupassanaa. Upadhiina.m tveva asesaviraaganirodhaa natthi dukkhassa sambhavoti, aya.m dutiyaanupassanaa. Eva.m sammaa …pe… athaapara.m etadavoca satthaa–

733. “Upadhinidaanaa pabhavanti dukkhaa, ye keci lokasmimanekaruupaa;
yo ve avidvaa upadhi.m karoti, punappuna.m dukkhamupeti mando;
tasmaa pajaana.m upadhi.m na kayiraa, dukkhassa jaatippabhavaanupassii”ti.

Mahaniddesa 2.342

upadhi vuccati kilesaa ca khandhaa ca abhisa"nkhaaraa ca.

MA 3.145

Upadhivivekaati upadhivivekena. Iminaa pa~ncakaamagu.naviveko kathito.

SA 1.31

Upadhii hi narassa nandanaati, ettha upadhiiti cattaaro upadhii– kaamuupadhi, khandhuupadhi, kilesuupadhi, abhisa"nkhaaruupadhiiti. Kaamaapi hi “ya.m pa~nca kaamagu.ne pa.ticca uppajjati sukha.m somanassa.m, aya.m kaamaana.m assaado”ti (ma. ni. 1.166) eva.m vuttassa sukhassa adhi.t.thaanabhaavato “upadhiyati ettha sukhan”ti iminaa vacanatthena upadhiiti vuccati. Khandhaapi khandhamuulakassa dukkhassa adhi.t.thaanabhaavato, kilesaapi apaayadukkhassa adhi.t.thaanabhaavato, abhisa"nkhaaraapi bhavadukkhassa adhi.t.thaanabhaavatoti. Idha pana kaamuupadhi adhippeto. Pa~nca hi kaamagu.naa tebhuumikaadipaasaada-u.laarasayana-vatthaala"nkaara-naa.takaparivaaraadivasena paccupa.t.thitaa piitisomanassa.m upasa.mharamaanaa nara.m nandayanti. Tasmaa yathaa puttaa ca gaavo ca, eva.m imepi upadhii hi narassa nandanaati veditabbaa.

Culaniddesa 77

Upadhinidaanaa pabhavanti dukkhaati. Upadhiiti dasa upadhii– ta.nhuupadhi, di.t.thuupadhi, kilesuupadhi, kammuupadhi, duccarituupadhi, aahaaruupadhi, pa.tighuupadhi, catasso upaadinnadhaatuyo upadhii, cha ajjhattikaani aayatanaani upadhii, cha vi~n~naa.nakaayaa upadhii, sabbampi dukkha.m dukkhamana.t.thena ‚01 upadhi. Ime vuccanti dasa upadhii. Dukkhaati jaatidukkha.m jaraadukkha.m byaadhidukkha.m mara.nadukkha.m sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupaayaasadukkha.m nerayika.m dukkha.m …pe… di.t.thibyasana.m dukkha.m. Yesa.m dhammaana.m aadito samudaagamana.m pa~n~naayati, attha"ngamato nirodho pa~n~naayati, kammasannissito vipaako, vipaakasannissita.m kamma.m, naamasannissita.m ruupa.m, ruupasannissita.m naama.m, jaatiyaa anugata.m, jaraaya anusa.ta.m, byaadhinaa abhibhuuta.m, mara.nena abbhaahata.m, dukkhe pati.t.thita.m, ataa.na.m ale.na.m asara.na.m asara.niibhuuta.m– ime vuccanti dukkhaa. Ime dukkhaa upadhinidaanaa upadhihetukaa upadhipaccayaa upadhikaara.naa honti pabhavanti sambhavanti jaayanti sa~njaayanti nibbattanti paatubhavantiiti– upadhinidaanaa pabhavanti dukkhaa.

Ye keci lokasmimanekaruupaati. Ye keciiti sabbena sabba.m sabbathaa sabba.m asesa.m nissesa.m pariyaadiyanavacanameta.m– ye keciiti. Lokasminti apaayaloke manussaloke devaloke khandhaloke dhaatuloke aayatanaloke. Anekaruupaati anekavidhaa naanappakaaraa dukkhaati– ye keci lokasmimanekaruupaa. Tenaaha bhagavaa–

“Dukkhassa ve ma.m pabhava.m apucchasi, [mettaguuti bhagavaa]
ta.m te pavakkhaami yathaa pajaana.m;
upadhinidaanaa pabhavanti dukkhaa, ye keci lokasmimanekaruupaa”ti.

20. Yo ve avidvaa upadhi.m karoti, punappuna.m dukkhamupeti mando.

Tasmaa pajaana.m upadhi.m na kayiraa, dukkhassa jaatippabhavaanupassii.

Yo ve avidvaa upadhi.m karotiiti. Yoti yo yaadiso yathaayutto yathaavihito yathaapakaaro ya.m.thaanappatto ya.mdhammasamannaagato khattiyo vaa braahma.no vaa vesso vaa suddo vaa gaha.t.tho vaa pabbajito vaa devo vaa manusso vaa. Avidvaati avijjaagato a~n~naa.nii avibhaavii duppa~n~no. Upadhi.m karotiiti ta.nhuupadhi.m karoti, di.t.thuupadhi.m karoti, kilesuupadhi.m karoti, kammuupadhi.m karoti, duccarituupadhi.m karoti, aahaaruupadhi.m karoti, pa.tighuupadhi.m karoti, catasso upaadinnadhaatuyo upadhii karoti, cha ajjhattikaani aayatanaani upadhii karoti, cha vi~n~naa.nakaaye upadhii karoti janeti sa~njaneti nibbatteti abhinibbattetiiti– avidvaa upadhi.m karoti.

Punappuna.m dukkhamupeti mandoti punappuna.m jaatidukkha.m jaraadukkha.m byaadhidukkha.m mara.nadukkha.m sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupaayaasadukkha.m eti samupeti upagacchati ga.nhaati paraamasati abhinivisatiiti– punappuna.m dukkhamupeti. Mandoti mando momuho avidvaa avijjaagato a~n~naa.nii avibhaavii duppa~n~noti– punappuna.m dukkhamupeti mando.

Tasmaa pajaana.m upadhi.m na kayiraati. Tasmaati ta.mkaara.naa ta.mhetu tappaccayaa ta.mnidaanaa eta.m aadiinava.m sampassamaano upadhiisuuti tasmaa. Pajaananti pajaananto aajaananto vijaananto pa.tivijaananto pa.tivijjhanto, “sabbe sa"nkhaaraa aniccaa”ti pajaananto aajaananto vijaananto pa.tivijaananto pa.tivijjhanto, “sabbe sa"nkhaaraa dukkhaa”ti …pe… “sabbe dhammaa anattaa”ti …pe… “ya.m ki~nci samudayadhamma.m sabba.m ta.m nirodhadhamman”ti pajaananto aajaananto vijaananto pa.tivijaananto pa.tivijjhanto. Upadhi.m na kayiraati ta.nhuupadhi.m na kareyya, di.t.thuupadhi.m na kareyya, kilesuupadhi.m na kareyya, duccarituupadhi.m na kareyya, aahaaruupadhi.m na kareyya, pa.tighuupadhi.m na kareyya, catasso upaadinnadhaatuyo upadhii na kareyya, cha ajjhattikaani aayatanaani upadhii na kareyya, cha vi~n~naa.nakaaye upadhii na kareyya, na janeyya na sa~njaneyya na nibbatteyya naabhinibbatteyyaati– tasmaa pajaana.m upadhi.m na kayiraa.